SAMA warning on virtual currencies
Also known as: Saudi Virtual Currency Warning
Overview
Key Details
Jurisdiction
Saudi ArabiaRegulator
SAMA
Law Type
Guidance
Status
Current GuidanceOfficial Law Number
SAMA warning 2018
Official Title
SAMA warning on virtual currencies
Effective Date
Effective date not specified
Topics Covered
Who This Law Applies To
Key Requirements
Official Sources
Related Laws
Saudi AML Framework
Anti-Money Laundering Law and Implementing Rules
Creates risk-based AML obligations relevant to financial institutions and suspicious crypto-linked funds.
BCB Resolutions No. 519, 520 and 521 of 2025 — Virtual Asset Regulatory Framework
Resoluções BCB nos. 519, 520 e 521, de 10 de novembro de 2025
Brazil's Central Bank (BCB) Resolutions No. 519, 520 and 521 of 10 November 2025 implement the virtual-asset regulatory framework under the supervision of the Central Bank. Resolution 519 establishes VASP authorisation procedures; Resolution 520 sets activity, governance, controls, security and conduct requirements; Resolution 521 integrates specified virtual-asset operations into Brazil's foreign-exchange and international-capital rules. Commencement is staged during 2026 — verify the effective date for each resolution separately.
FSB High-Level Recommendations for Crypto-Asset Activities and Markets (2023)
High-Level Recommendations for the Regulation, Supervision and Oversight of Crypto-Asset Activities and Markets — Final Report (July 2023)
The FSB's High-Level Recommendations for Crypto-Asset Activities and Markets (2023) set nine recommendations for consistent regulation, supervision and oversight of crypto-asset issuers, service providers, activities and markets. They cover regulatory powers, governance, risk management, data, disclosures and cross-border cooperation. A separate revised set addresses global stablecoin arrangements. FSB recommendations are not self-executing domestic law.
IOSCO Policy Recommendations for Crypto and Digital Asset Markets (2023)
Policy Recommendations for Crypto and Digital Asset Markets — Final Report (FR11/2023)
The IOSCO Policy Recommendations for Crypto and Digital Asset Markets (2023) contain 18 recommendations grounded in the principle of consistent regulation of economically equivalent activities. They address conflicts of interest, market manipulation, custody, disclosure, retail risks and cross-border cooperation. IOSCO recommendations are not self-executing domestic law — implementation depends on member regulators in their respective jurisdictions.
Virtual Asset (Service Providers) Act, 2020 — 2024 Revision and Phase Two Licensing
Virtual Asset (Service Providers) Act (2024 Revision)
The Cayman Islands Virtual Asset (Service Providers) Act 2020, as revised in 2024, creates registration and supervisory requirements for virtual-asset service providers operating in or from the Cayman Islands. Phase Two, effective 1 April 2025, introduces full licensing requirements for custody and virtual-asset trading platforms. The canonical profile covers the Act with the linked 2024 amendment and 2025 commencement order.
Texas HB 1666 / Finance Code Chapter 160 — Digital Asset Service Providers
Texas Finance Code Chapter 160 — Digital Asset Service Providers (HB 1666)
Texas HB 1666, codified as Texas Finance Code Chapter 160, governs covered digital-asset service providers meeting customer or asset thresholds in Texas. It restricts commingling and misuse of customer funds, requires sufficient reserves, mandates quarterly accounting disclosures to customers, and requires annual reporting and auditor attestation for covered providers.
